Apparatus for preventing arcing in an electrostatic coating system

ABSTRACT

A safety device for an electrostatic coating system. This device automatically senses and deenergizes the power to the electrode in the spray gun when it exceeds a predetermined level, as for example, when the operator allows the electrode to approach too close to a grounded object. By properly setting this predetermined level, deenergization occurs prior to the time a disruptive arc or spark would normally be emitted from the gun electrode. In addition, a delay circuit may be provided that is operable by the gun trigger switch. After the operator turns off the coating material at the end of his stroke, this circuit would delay for a short time the deenergization of power to the gun&#39;&#39;s electrode. Surges of power are thus avoided in the circuitry which prolongs the life of the power transformer. Example of sharp edged charging nozzle electrodes useful with this system as well as the method of use and setup of the necessary circuitry are also disclosed.

United States Patent Walberg Feb. 15, 1972 [54] APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING 3,048,498 8/1962 Juvinall et a1. ..1 18/8 X ARCING IN AN ELECTROSTATIC 3,072,341 1/ 1963 Point at al ..239/3 COATING YS 3,248,606 4/1966 Fraser ..239/15 X Arvid c. Walberg, c/o H. o. Fischer & C0. 9451-9491 West Belmont Avenue, Franklin Parlr, 111. 60131 Filed: Sept. 1, 1967 Appl. No.: 665,104

Inventor: 4

US. Cl. ..1l8/8, l l7/93.4, 1 18/629,

239/15 Int. Cl. ..'....B05c 11/00, B05c 5/02 Field of Search ..1 13/629-635;

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Primary Examiner-Peter Feldman At!0rney-William B. Mason, Penrose Lucas Albri ght and Thomas A. Stansbury ABSTRACT A safety device for an electrostatic coating system. This device automatically senses and deenergizes the power to the electrode in the spray gun when it exceeds a predetermined level, as for example, when the operator allows the electrode to approach too close to a grounded object. By properly setting this predetermined level, deenergization occurs prior to the time a disruptive arc or spark would normally be emitted from the gun electrode. In addition, a delay circuit may be provided that is operable by the gun trigger switch. After the operator turns off the coating material at the end of his stroke, this circuit would delay for a short time the deenergizationof power to the gun's electrode. Surges of power are thus avoided in the circuitry which prolongs the life of the power transformer. Example of sharp edged charging nozzle electrodes useful with this system as well as the method of use and setup of the necessary circuitry are also disclosed.

24 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures PATENIEDFEB 15 ran SHEET 1 OF 4 PAIENTEUFEB 151m v SHEET 2 (IF 4 N IL 5&0 v

APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING ARCING IN AN ELECTROSTATIC COATING SYSTEM This invention relates to electrostatic coating systems and more particularly to apparatus for the safe operation of electrostatic coating systems while maintaining the maximum efficiency of such systems. v I

Electrostatic coating systems are dividedinto two major categories of automatic systems and manual systems. The spray guns in automatic systems are mounted on supports and work to be coated is moved past the spray guns. The spray guns themselves maybe stationary or given a reciprocating movement by an automatic'drive. Inthe manual systems the spray guns are hand held and hand manipulated since the guns in the automatic systems-maybe placed at areasonably fixed distance from the closest approach of the work to be coated when such work is'carried by a conveyor, this distance is generally fixed to be greater than the maximum length possible for a disruptive are between the electrode associated with the spray gun and the work to be coated; It is common to utilize electrical potentials of 100,000 volts between the electrode and the work to be coated in automatic systems. In order to prevent a disruptive arc occurring betweentheelectrode and the work to be coated, the electrodes must be at least 6 inches from the work to be coated as it passes on the conveyor. Thus, at the present time, spacing of the electrode from the closest approach of the work is the primary method of achieving safety from hazardous arcing in automatic electrostatic systems.

However, in manual electrostatic coating systems, the operator often brings the forward part of the spray gun close to the work being coated and to other objects which are grounded relative to the potential placed on the electrode by the systems power supply. Thus, some other method of achieving safety in manual systems was required. The present inventor, Arvid C. Walberg, in his U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,551, issued May 17, 1966, teaches the use of a dropping resistance to reduce the maximum length of a disruptive arc to less than 2 or 3 inches and the use of a shield of electrical nonconductive material surrounding all conducting portions on'the forward end of the spraygun body. James W. Juvinall and'James C. Marsh in their U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498, issued Aug. 7, 1962 taught the use of an electrode having a very'small capacity to the work to be grounded with a very large resister connected in series between the electrode and the high voltage lead from the power supply. In the Walberg system the safety control action is obtained by the combination of a suitable dropping resister and metal at high potential insulated from atmosphere except for a very sharp-tip or edge from which continuous electrostatic charge escapes into the atmosphere. This results in the electric charge from the exposed metal beingdrained off so fast as the distance from the exposed tip to ground is reduced that no substantial charge can be built up on the surface of the metal in the gun where sheltered from the atmosphere by insulation. Thus, the Walberg patent teaches the use of a moderate amount of resistance to reduce the maximum length of disruptive discharge to less than 2 or 3 inches and reduces the destructive effect (electrical energy expended) by covering all exposed metal in the forward end of a spray gun with insulation so that only the tip of the electrode is exposed.

Juvinall and Marsh utilize generally larger resistances and employ them in a different manner. They teach the use of resistance to limit the amount of current that can flow into their small electrode after it has been discharged. The initial discharge from an electrode will be followed by a seriesof repetitive disruptive discharges as,long as the electrode is manually held sufficiently close to the work to be coated or other grounded objects. After the currents of each arc, the electrical potential on their small electrodes will be charged through the associated resister. Thus, the resister and the electrode become a resistance-capacitance circuit having the traditional exponential charging curve. As soon as the electrode charges to a voltage which will cause an arc, the arc will electrode and a grounded I againdissipatethe charge on the electrode. Thus, a series of pulses in. the form of: disruptive arcs will occur between the object when the electrode is held sufficientlyrclose to allow such arcs to 'occurzDuring such arcing, the voltagebetweenthe electrode and-ground'will have essentially a saw-toothedwaveform. Theslope of this sawtoothed waveform, which is a graph of voltage plotted against time, will depend upon the-time constant of the resistancecapacitance. circuit-.lncreasing the voltage applied to the resistance-capacitance circuit will increase the amount of electrical energy dissipated per unittime by the arcing; Increasing resistance decreases the amount of energy dissipated per unit time by disruptive arcing. The quantity of energy expended by sucharcingisequal to the'energy stored in the electrode at the time. ofeach discharge multiplied by the number of discharges per unitztime. Thus,.if-'thetirne between discharges should be equalto. one time constant, the quantity of charge dissipated in the arcing would be equal to the quantity of the charge on the electrodedividedrby the time constant. Thus, the amount of energy'dissipated in the arcs per unit time would be an effective arcing current, I Then,

ae Ql Q=CV where Cis thev capacitance of the electrode and V is the voltage .onthe electrode'ascompared to ground at the time of each discharge and Tis equal to RC. Thus, I =EC/RC =E/R Whenever the time'between discharges or arcs is less than but . onetime constant, the voltage to which the electrode would charge willwbe approximatelyproportionately less, since the curve ofa resistance-capacitance circuit is approximately linear during the first time constant. Therefore, as the frequency. of discharges increases, the voltage and therefore the energy in:each.discharge will proportionately decrease, and l -will remain essentially constant. The capacitance of electrodes .increases gradually as the electrode is brought towardsa grounded object but this effect is negligible. When the frequency of discharges is greater than one time constant of the resistance-capacitance circuit, the proportional amount of voltage-and, therefore, energy will be less and 1 will decrease. Therefore, by taking a time period of one time constant andcomputing I we are in effect computing 1,, maximum and 1 maximum occurs'throughout arcs occurring less than one time constant apart.

.In pointing 'out the relationship between the value of the resistance and the amount of capacitance of the electrode to ground that can be tolerated, Juvinall and Marsh taught that in a system having an order of 1,000 megohm resistance with 100 kilovolts appliedfrom the negative terminal of a powerpack having its positive terminal grounded, the energy level of a disruptive discharge to a grounded polished metal sphere of about 1 centimeter radius from an electrode ahead of the control resistance should preferably not exceed that of a polished metal sphere having a radius of about 1 centimeter and in any event should not exceed that of a sphere having a radius of about 3 centimeters. Such a combination would have an effective arcing current of 100 microamperes. They further taught that for an electrode having a capacity of a sphere having a radius of 3 centimeters without objectionable shock and without danger of ignition and the most combustible vapor air mixture possible a high resister value is 4,000 megohms and a lower applied voltage of 50 kilovolts should be utilized. This combination would have an effective arcing current of 12.5 microamperes.

In the Walberg device the use of about 25 megohms for 10,000 volts is taught to provide a normal operating current drain of about 0.1 milliampere. Thus, if 100,000 volts is to be Thus, at the present time, the two methods recognized in the art require the use of resistance in a manual electrostatic coating system for different purposes. In the Juvinall and Marsh system, the resistance must be greatenough if an electrode has a capacity equal or less than a sphere of I centimeter radius to limit I to 100 microamperes. In the Walberg system, the resistance is utilized to limit the length of the maximum disruptive discharge and to limit the steady state current of a grounded electrode. The steady-state current of a grounded electrode, 1,, is equal to the I of a system when there are no other resistances placed elsewherein the system. Thus, in the Walberg system i g I,=I,,,,fl milliamperes The utilization of the'Walberg system utilizing a shield with only a small tip of electrode protruding allows for approximately four times the amount of normal current flow than that which can be tolerated under the resistance-capacitance circuit safety device taught by Juvinall and Marsh. It has been found that while the Juvinall and Marsh safety device is operable to prevent hazardous ignitions of volatile fluids and to prevent uncomfortable shocks to personnel, it is at a sacrifice of the maximum efficiency inherent in any electrostatic coating system. It has been found that the employment of the Walberg system creates far less loss of maximum efficiency inherent in an electrostatic coating system because it provides approximately four times the normal current flow for charging the atomized particles of coating material ejected from a spray gun. Although both the aforementioned Walberg and Juvinall et al. systems provide safety for manual electrostatic stray While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail, embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosures are to be considered as exemplifications of the principles of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated. The scope of the invention will be pointed out in the appended claims.

Referring to FIG. 1, an air atomizing electrostatic spray gun is connected to a power supply generally indicated within the dashed lines by a high-voltage cable 30. The high-voltage shutoff delay circuit generally indicated within the dashed lines 40 is connected to the high-voltage power supply 20. A current sensing circuit generally indicated within the dashed lines 50 is connectedto the high-voltage power supply 20 and to the high-voltage shutoff delay circuit 40. The high-voltage power supply 20 provides at least 60,000 volts DC between grounded and cable 30. The principal elements in the highguns, nevertheless an arc may be produced by either system whichis disturbing to some potential uses of manual electrostatic spray guns. The present invention provides a completely nonarcing system regardless of the electrode to ground spacing while maintaining high efficiency and the ability to spray at very close ranges to the grounded work to be coated.

Another object is to provide apparatus for manual an electrostatic coating system which will prevent the occurrence of any disruptive arc regardless of howclose an operator may bring an electrode to the work or other grounded objects.

Yet another object is to decrease the maximum length of a possible disruptive arc in an electrostatic coating system and to deenergize the high-voltage power supply of the system prior to the electrodes coming within reduced maximum arc range.

Another principal object of the present invention is to provide a new. and improved electrode for an electrostatic coating system.- I

Still another object is to provide a sharp edge orifice electrode for an electrostatic coating system wherein the sharp edge is not in direct contact with coating material as it is ejected from the orifice.

Further objects and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention particularly applicable to an air atomizing electrostatic coating system; 1

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a modified form of the present invention which is particularly applicable to a hydrostatic atomizing electrostatic coating system;

FIG. 3 is a sectional elevational view of an air atomizing spray gun utilized in the schematic drawing of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a top partial sectional view of the air atomizing spray gun shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a rear elevational view of the air atomizing electrostatic spray gun shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view of the nozzle portion of the air atomizing electrostatic spray gun shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a modified form of the nozzle portion of the air atomizing electrostatic spray gun shown in FIG. 3; and

FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of another modified form of the nozzle portion of the air atomizing electrostatic spray gun shown in FIG. 3.

voltage circuit of the coating system are an electrode 11 mounted on the spray gun 10, a megohm resister 12 mounted in the spray gun l0 and connected to the electrode 11, the high-voltage cable 30 which is connected to the other end of the resister 12, a 25 megohm resister 21 mounted in the power supply 20 and connected to the other end of the highvoltage cable 30, a high-voltage doubler supply circuit generally indicated within the dotted lines 22 which provides a source of 60,000 volts or more in the power supply 20, a 10,000 ohm resister 51 forming a part of the current sensing circuit 50 and a connection to ground made by the grounding pin 23 of a 1l7-volt AC grounded plug 24 which forms a part of the high-voltage power supply 20. Work to be coated by the spray gun 10 is grounded and, therefore, connected in series with the aforementioned resistances, source of high potential 22 and the electrode 11.

Power for the coating system shown in FIG. 1 is supplied by connecting the plug 24 into a suitable-ll7-volt AC socket. Plug 24 has a prong 25 which is connectedto one terminal of an airflow switch 26 by a lead 27 and to a terminal 41 of a relay 42 by a lead 43. The other terminal of the airflow switch 26 is connected to a terminal of single-throw double-pole switch 44 by a lead 28. The switch 44 electrically connects the airflow switch 26 to a terminal 45 through a lead 46 when the switch 44 is closed. Another prong 29 of theplug 24 is connected through a lead 60 and fuse 61, a lead 62 to another terminal of switch 44. Switch 44 electrically connects the prong 29 of the plug 24 to a terminal 47 through a lead 48 when switch 44 is closed. Thus, when switch 44 is manually closed and airflow switch 26 is closed by the application of airflow thereto,- 1 17 volts of alternating current are available between the terminals 45 and 47 in the high-voltage delay circuit 40. A solenoid coil 49 of the relay 42 is connected in series with a resister 63 between the terminals 45 and 47 to be energized when the airflow switch 26 and the switch 44 are both closed. The airflow switch 26 is of conventional design and has its high-pressure pneumatic leads connected between a source of high air pressure and an air valve in the spray gun 10 in order that it will close when the air valve in the gun 10 is operated to supply atomizing air to coating material being ejected by the spray gun. Therefore, after the manual switch44 is, placed in a closed position, the relay 42 may be energized by operating the air control valve in the spray gun l0. Energization of the relay 42 connects terminal 41 to a terminal 66. A diode 64 is connected in series with resister 63 and solenoid 49 across terminals 45 and 47. A condenser 65 is connected across the terminals 45 and 47.

A power supply transformer 52 is provided in the sensing circuit 50 having a primary coil 53 and a secondary coil 54. The primary coil 53 is connected between prong 29 of plug 24 and terminal 66 by the lead 60, the fuse 61, the lead 62, a lead 67 and a lead 68. Thus, power is supplied to the sensing circuit whenever relay 42 is closed by the actuation of switches 44 and 26. A relay 70 has one end of a solenoid coil 71 connected to terminal 66 by a lead 69. The other end of the solenoid coil 71 is connected to contacts 113 of a relay 56 by a lead 72. The condenser 65 has one side connected to a terminal of the relay 70 through a terminal 73 and a lead 74. Another terminal of the relay 70 is connected to the other side of the condenser 65 through the terminal through the lead 46 and a resister 75. When the solenoid coil 71 is energized the relay is closed and the condenser becomes discharged through resistor 75. The function of the condenser 65 and the resister 63 is to provide the solenoid 49 with a DC voltage after the airflow switch 26 is open so that the relay42 will remain closed and keep the power supply energized for a period of 2 /2 seconds after the airflow switch 26 opens. Thus, the closing of the relay will cause condenser 65 to discharge within a half second, thereby disabling the high-voltage delay shutoff of 2% seconds.

The terminals 66 is connected by the lead 69 anda lead 76 to an indicator lamp 77 which is also connected to the other side of contact 1 13. Thus, as long as the relay 42 is closed and relay 56 is open, the red on" lamp 77 will be illuminated.

The terminal 66 is also connected by the lead 60, the lead 76 and a lead 79 to one end of a primary coil 121 of a highvoltage transformer 120. The other end of the primary coil 121 is connected through a set of switching contacts 55 of the relay 56 by a lead 80 to the lead 62, which, as aforementioned, is connected to the prong 29 by the lead 60 and the fuse 61. Therefore, whenever the high-voltage transformer 120 is energized by the closure of the switch 44 and the airflow switch 26 which closes the relay 42, relay 70 is open to prevent the discharge of condenser 65 and the red indicator light 77 is illuminated.

When the high-voltage transformer 120 is energized, it provides 30,000 volts AC or more across its secondary coil 122. One side of the secondary coil 122 is connected to a diode 123 through a condenser 124; the other side is connected through four series diodes 125 to the same side of diode 123, and a condenser 81 is connected between four series diodes 123 and ground pin 23 to form a voltage doubler circuit which will provide 60,000 volts DC or more. The resister 21 is connected through the series of four diodes 123 and the series of four diodes 125 to oneside of the resister 51 by a lead 126. A 250 megohm resister 82 is connected in parallel with condenser 81 to bleed off the high voltage from the cable 30 through resister 21 when the transformer 120 is deenergized'The other end of the resister 51 is connected to the ground prong 23by a lead 84, a milliameter jack 85, a lead 86 and the lead 83.

The secondary coil 54 of the power transformer 52 is connected to a four diode bridge 87 which has one side of its output connected to a bus bar 88 and a resister 89, and the other side of its output connected to a bus bar. 90. Connected between the bus leads 88 and 90 in series are the condenser 91; the resister 92, potentiometer 93 and the resister 94; a condenser 95, the resister 96 and the condenser 97, a resister 98, a type 2N2647 transistor 99 and a resister 100; a resister 101 and a condenser 102; and a resister 103 and a type 2N2646 transistor 104. These elements will be recognized by those well skilled in the art to form a microampere sensing circuit utilizing the voltage appearing across the resister 51 as in the input voltage to be detected. The variable resistance tap of the potentiometer 93 is connected through a diode 105, a resistor 106, to the 2N2647 transistor 99. The potentiometer 93 is set so that its output voltage is one-half to three-fourths volts below the level that triggers transistor 99. A small input curthe operator plugs the 117 v. AC grounded plug rent of only about 40 milliamperes will charge the condenser 97 and raise the voltage at the emitter to the triggering level. When the transistor 99 is triggered, both capacitors and 97 are discharged through the resister which generates a positive pulse to trigger a silicon-controlled rectifier 107 which is connected to transistor 99. The capacitor 97 is kept small for faster triggering response time and condenser 95 is used to provide the pulse output energy. Rapid recovery is obtained after the transistor 99 triggers, since both capacitors are charged through potentiometer 93. The function of the remaining elements of the microampere sensing circuit, including a condenser 108 will be recognized by those skilled in the art since this microampere sensing circuit is of common design and is more fully described in General Electric Company's Transistor Manual, Seventh Ed., at pages 325 and 326 thereof, and in its SCR Manual, Third Ed., at page 1 19 thereof. The silicon-controlled rectifier 107 is connected in series with a solenoid 109 of relay 56 across the output diode bridge 87 by the bus bar 90 and a lead 110. A resister 111 is connected in parallel with the solenoid coil 109. Thus, by adjusting potentiometer 93, the amount of current flowing in the high-voltage circuit of electrode 11 can be made to trigger silicon-controlled rectifier 107 at any desired value of high-voltage current flow. Triggering of silicon-controlled rectifier 107 energizes the relay 56 opening contact 55 to deenergize highvoltage transformer 120.

In order to place the system shown in FIG. 1 in operation, 24 into a I 10 to volt power receptacle. The operator turns on manual switch 44 after grounding the work to be coated and after air pressure and coating fluid under pressure is supplied to the gun. He then turns on the high-pressure air at the gun as will be more fully described presently. This action, as aforementioned, will close the airflow switch 26, thereby energizing relay 42. The closing of relay 42 places 117 volts across the primary coil 12] of the high-voltage transformer 120. Thus, the source of high voltage 22 produces 60,000 volts which is applied across resister 12, resister 21, resister 51, the electrode 11, the work to be coated and the space between the electrode 11 and the nearest grounded object, which will normally be the work to be coated. Most operators spray work with a swinging action of their arm, turning the air and paint supply off at the end of each stroke across the work. If the transformer were to be deenergized each time the operator turned off the coating material at the end of a stroke, and turned it on again as his arm swung back across the work for another painting stroke, the frequent initial surge of voltage would shorten the life of the transformer, the power supply 20 in general, and the cable 30. Therefore, when the operator turns off the air at the end of each painting stroke, the delay shutoff circuit 40 causes the transformer 120 to remain energized for a period of 2% seconds after the airflow switch 26 is open. The relay 42 .is maintained closed by the resistancecapacitance circuit consisting of the relay coil 49, resistance 63 and the capacitor 65. As soon as the airflow switch 26 is open, the capacitor 65 will commence to discharge through the resister 63 and the relay coil 49. Relay coil 49, resistance 63 and the capacitor 65 determine the time constant for the delayed deenergization of the relay coil 49. Thus, the highvoltage supplied to the electrode 11 will not normally be turned off until 2 /2 seconds after the air and coating fluid being ejected by the air spray gun 10 are turned off.

However, should the operator bring the electrode 11 suddenly towards a groundedobject such as the work to be coated, it is desirable to turn off the high-voltage power supply essentially immediately without delay. This is accomplished by the sensing circuit 50. As the electrode 11 approaches a grounded object, the flow of current between the electrode and the grounded object will increase rapidly. The greater amount of the voltage provided by the power supply 20 will appear across the resistances 12, 21 and 51. When the electrode 11 approaches the grounded object sufficiently closely to provide enough voltage across resister 51 to trigger the sensing circuit, relay points 55 of the relay 56 will open, deenergizing primary coil 121 of the high-voltage transformer 120 thereby deenergizing the high-voltage output of the power supply 20. The transformer 120 will remain deenergized until either the airflow switch 26 or the manual switch 44 is opened to deenergize the power supply to the sensing circuit 50 through the transformer 52 because the silicon-controlled rectifier 107 will continue to conduct until the voltage across it is turned off. Thus, the relay points 55 must remain open until the operator causes airflow switch 26 to be opened. In some cases this action might be accomplished by manual opening switch 44. Therefore, when the current in the highvoltage circuit of the system exceeds a predetermined value as set by potentiometer 93, the high voltage is turned off even though relay 42 remains energized. The potentiometer 93 is set so that the silicon-controlled rectifier 107 will be triggered before the electrode 11 can come close enough to a grounded object to cause an are. A white indicator light 112 is connected between the lead 76 and the lead 72 through contacts 113 of the relay 56 so that when the silicon-controlled rectifier 107 is energized, thereby energizing relay 56 to shut off the high-voltage, the whiteindicator light 112 will be energized and the red light 77 deenergized to indicate to the operator that the high voltage has been turned off by the sensing circuit 50 and that he must recycle his control means by shutting off the high-pressure air and coating material supplies. Thus, after the sensing circuit has deenergized the high-voltage power supply, the high voltage cannot again be turned on until the system is recycled by the operator.

Contacts 113 of relay 56 connect lead 72 to lead 62 to energize relay 70 to sufficiently discharge condenser 65 in less than a half second that relay 42 is deenergized. Thus, when the silicon-controlled, rectifier 107 is triggered not only is the also deenergized in less-than a half second.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a modified form of the present invention for a hydrostatic atomized manual spray gun system is shown. The system is similar to the system shown in FIG. 1 except that it does not contain an airflow switch. Corresponding elements to those shown in FIG. 1 have corresponding numbers with the suffix a. Since the function of these elements is the same as that of the elements in FIG. 1, the description of their structureand their operation will not be repeated. The airflow switch '26 shown in FIG. 1 is replaced in FIG. 2 by a microswitch 200 which is connected across an intrinsically safe switch assembly 201. The lead 27a is connected to one end of the relay coil 202 of the relay 203. The other end of the relay coil is connected by a lead 204 to the intrinsically safe switch assembly 201. The lead 27a is also connected to the intrinsically safe switch 201 by a lead 205. One contact 206 of a pair of contacts of the relay 203 is connected to the lead 27a by a lead 207 and the other contact 208 is connected by a lead 209 to the lead 280. The microswitch 200 is physically mountedin thespray gun so that it is closed when the operator turns on the high-pressure coating material. The intrinsically safe switch assembly 201 is of conventional design well known to those in the art and is provided to allow' switch 200 to be a low-energy switching device as a safety measure to ,avoid an explosion in a spray booth filled with explosive vapor.

Closure of the switch 200 causes the intrinsically safe switch assembly to connect the lead 204 to the lead 62a so that the relay coil 202 is energized, closing the relay 203, which causes the lead 270 to be joined to lead 28a in a manner similar to that in which the airflow switch 26 joined the lead 27 to the lead 28 in FIG. 1. Thus, in the hydrostatic modification of the present invention, the microswitch 200, .the intrinsically safe switch assembly 201 and the relay 203 perform the same function as does the airflow switch 26 in FIG. 1.

Referring now to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the air spray gun 10 shown schematically in FIG. 1 is shown in detail. The gun body 300 of insulating material has a valve body 301 and a handle portion 302 mounted thereon. The trigger 303 is pivotally mounted on the body 300 and connected to the actuator 304. Rearward movement of the trigger 303 causes the actuator arm 304 to move rearwardly since the trigger of 303 is pivoted about a pin 305. A nose bushing 306 of conducting material is threaded into the forward end of the body 300. A nozzle 310 which provides a valve seat closes off the forward end of a passage 311 through the body 300 and a passage 312 through the nose bushing 306 through which coating material is supplied. The passage 301 is connected through a threeeighths O.D. nylon tube 313 which is connected to a passage in the valve body 301 to the passage 311 by a connector 314. An air cap 315 having air passages 316, 317 and 318 to provide atomizing air, as is well known to those skilled in the art,

high-voltage transformer turned off, but the energizing relay is I is secured against the body 300 by a nose cap 319 composed of insulating material. A valve rod 320 is slidably mounted in the passage 311 and has a valve formed on its forward end which seats against the valve seat of the nozzle 310. A spring 321 forces the valve at the forward end of the rod 320 to a closed position. The valve rod 320 has formed thereon a second valve 322 which seats against a valve seat 323 which is mounted in an insert 324. The insert 324 is mounted in the valve body 301 and sealed thereto by the O-rings 325 and 326. A packing nut 327 is threaded into the rear portion of the insert 324 securing a spring 328 in tension against the valve head 322. A nut 329 is threaded on the rear portion of the rod 320 so that when the trigger 303 is pulled the actuator 304 will bear against the nut 329 to carry the rod 320 rearwardly, opening both valves. Another nylon tube 330 is connected through the valve body 301, a chamber 331 in an insert 332 threaded into the valve body 301, a passage 333 in the body 300 'and a chamber 334 to the air passages 316, 317 and 318 to supply high-pressure atomizing air to atomize coating material ejected by the-nozzle 310, as is well known to those skilled in the art. The air pressure control valve is rotatably threaded in the insert 332. The valve 340 bears against the valve seat 341 in the insert 332. The spring 342 is interposed between a head 343 of the valve 340 and the actuator 304 to urge the actuator 304 and the trigger 303 forwardly when manual pressure is not being applied to the trigger 303. The position of the valve 340 controls the quantity if atomizing airflow. The high-voltage cable 30 is inserted through a passage 350 to connect to the ISO-megohm resister 12 through a conductive spring 351. The resister 12 is located in a passage 352. Another conductive spring 353 connects the resister 12 of conductive plug 354 which is sealed to the walls of the passage 352 by an O-ring 355. The plug 354 bears against the nose bushing 306, which in turn is threadably connected to the nozzle 310.

Referring now to FIG. 6, the nozzle 310 has an internal orifice surface 360 which forms an orifice through which coating material is ejected into the atmosphere. The nozzle 310 also has a forward facing surface 361 joining the internal orifice surface 360 to form an obtuse angle therebetween and an outer surface 362 joining the forward facing surface 361 to form a sharp edge which is the electrode 11 schematically shown in FIG. 1.

It has been found that by removing a sharp edge, such as the sharp-edged electrode shown in FIG. 4, from direct contact with the coating material being ejected, that higher painting efficiencies can be obtained. In addition, the wraparound qualities have been found to be improved over a sharp-edged electrode where the sharp edge is in contact with the coating material being ejected. By use of the nozzle shown in FIG. 6, an electrode which cannot be easily broken off, such as a handle electrode, is provided. Modified forms of the elec- -trode shown in FIG. 6 are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. In FIG. 7

the sharp edge is serrated in order to form a multiplicity of sharp points. In FIG. 8 the edge has been formed into a single point. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while three preferred embodiments are illustrative of the invention, other modifications may be made which are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

In FIGS. 7 and 8 the portions of the nozzle which correspond to the portions of the nozzle shown in FIG. 7 have been labeled with respective numbers having the respective sufiixes a and b. By spacing the sharp-edged electrode away from direct contact with the ejected coating material as shown in FIGS. 6-8, an improved point source" is provided. The operation of the point source electrode is more fully described in my US. Pat. No. 3,251,551, issued May 17, 1966.

Thus, the present invention not only makes possible the first non-arcing mechanically atomized electrostatic spray gun systems. but it also provides such systems with improved sharp-edged orifices that are not damaged by being brought into contact with other objects.

I claim:

1. An electrostatic coating system comprising:

a spray gun,

an electrode mounted on said spray gun,

a source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated,

means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential,

delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energized for a predetermined period after said energizingcontrol means is operated todeenergize said source of high potential, and

means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and said source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

2. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1 having in combination therewith a means to maintain said source of high potential deenergized until said high potential energizing and deenergizing means is recycled after said high potential source has been deenergized by said current determining means.

3. An electrostatic coating system in accordance withclaim 1, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes a manually operated switch on said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

4. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes an airflow actuated switch connected to an air line supplying air to said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

5. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said delay means includes a resistance-capacitance circuit connected to an electrical switching means which is connected in series with said energizing and deenergizing means and said high potential source.

6. An electrostatic coating system comprising:

a spray gun having a nozzle of electrically conductive material through which coating material is ejected, said nozzle having an internal orifice surface, a forwardly facing surface joining said, internal orifice surface to form an obtuse angle therebetween and an outer surface joining said forward facing surface to form a sharp edge,

an electrode mounted on said spray gun,

a source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated,

means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential,

resistance interposed in series between said electrode and said source of high potential to reduce the maximum length of disruptive are between said electrode and said work to be coated, and

means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

7. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 6, wherein said nozzle outer surface is annular to form an annular sharp edge with said forward facing surface.

8. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 6, wherein sharp edge comprises at least one sharp point.

9. An electrostatic coating system comprising:

a spray gun,

an electrode mounted on said spray gun,

a source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated,

means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential,

a first resistance interposed in series with said electrode and said source of high potential to reduce the maximum length of disruptive arc between said electrode and said work to be coated, and

means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined values, said determining means including a second resistance interposed in series with said electrode and said source of high potential.

10. In combination with the electrostatic coating system specified in claim 9.

delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energized for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current does not exceed said predetermined value of current.

11. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said current determining means is connected to said means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever the said current exceeds the predetermined value.

12. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with.

claim 9, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes a manually operated switch on said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated'thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

13. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes an airflow actuated switch connected to an air line supplying air to said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

14. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said delay means includes a resistancecapacitance circuit connected to an electrical switching means which is connected in series with said energizing and deenergizing means and said high potential source.

15. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said current determining means includes a voltage sensing circuit connected across a resistance, said resistance being connected in series with said source of high potential, said electrode and said work to be coated.

16. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 15, wherein said sensing circuit includes a silicone-controlled rectifier connected through amplification stages to said resistance.

17. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said delay means includes a resistancecapacitance circuit connected to an electrical switching means which is connected in series with said energizing and deenergizing means and said high potential source.

18. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said spray gun comprises:

a body having a forward end provided with a passage therein having an intake connection to a source of coating material and an outlet through which coating material is ejected into the atmosphere from the forward end of the body,

means comprising a nozzle for atomizing said coating material on ejection from said outlet,

a shield of electrical nonconductor material surrounding all conducting portions on the forward end means applying an electrostatic field to the material passing from the nozzle including said electrode extending through said shield at said body.

19. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the electrode has an electrical capacitance to of said body, and I the work to becoated which exceeds that of a metal sphere having a 3 centimeter radius.

20. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the predetermined current value exceeds the effective arcing current.

21. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the predetermined current value exceeds the electrode grounded steady-state current value.

22. A nozzle in accordance with claim 1, wherein said nozzle outer surface is annular to form an annular sharp edge with said forward facing surface.

23. An electrostatic coating system comprising:

a spray gun having a nozzle of electrically conductive material through which coating material is ejected, said nozzle having an internal orifice surface, a forward facing surface joining said internal orifice surface to form an obtuse angle therebetween and an outer surface joining said forward facing surface to form a sharp edge,

a source of high potential connected between said noule and work to be coated,

means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential,

delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energized for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential,

means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.

24. An electrostatic coating system comprising:

a spray gun having an orifice through which coating material is ejected,

an electrode adjacent and spaced from said orifice having an annular sharp edge facing forwardly of said orifice,

said source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated, I

delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energizer for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential, and

means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value. 

1. An electrostatic coating system comprising: a spray gun, an electrode mounted on said spray gun, a source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated, means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential, delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energized for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential, and means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and said source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 2. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1 having in combination therewith a means to maintain said source of high potential deenergized until said high potential energizing and deenergizing means is recycled after said high potential source has been deenergized by said current determining means.
 3. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes a manually operated switch on said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 4. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes an airflow actuated switch connected to an air line supplying air to said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 5. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said delay means includes a resistance-capacitance circuit connected to an electrical switching means which is connected in series with said energizing and deenergizing means and said high potential source.
 6. An electrostatic coating system comprising: a spray gun having a nozzle of electrically conductive material through which coating material is ejected, said nozzle having an internal orifice surface, a forwardly facing surface joining said internal orifice surface to form an obtuse angle therebetween and an outer surface joining said forward facing surface to form a sharp edge, an electrode mounted on said spray gun, a source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated, means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential, resistance interposed in series between said electrode and said source of high potential to reduce the maximum length of disruptive arc between said electrode and said work to be coated, and means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode And source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 7. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 6, wherein said nozzle outer surface is annular to form an annular sharp edge with said forward facing surface.
 8. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 6, wherein sharp edge comprises at least one sharp point.
 9. An electrostatic coating system comprising: a spray gun, an electrode mounted on said spray gun, a source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated, means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential, a first resistance interposed in series with said electrode and said source of high potential to reduce the maximum length of disruptive arc between said electrode and said work to be coated, and means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined values, said determining means including a second resistance interposed in series with said electrode and said source of high potential.
 10. In combination with the electrostatic coating system specified in claim
 9. delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energized for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current does not exceed said predetermined value of current.
 11. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said current determining means is connected to said means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever the said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 12. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes a manually operated switch on said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 13. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said high potential energizing and deenergizing means includes an airflow actuated switch connected to an air line supplying air to said spray gun and switching means connected to said current determining means to be actuated thereby whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 14. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said delay means includes a resistance-capacitance circuit connected to an electrical switching means which is connected in series with said energizing and deenergizing means and said high potential source.
 15. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said current determining means includes a voltage sensing circuit connected across a resistance, said resistance being connected in series with said source of high potential, said electrode and said work to be coated.
 16. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 15, wherein said sensing circuit includes a silicone-controlled rectifier connected through amplification stages to said resistance.
 17. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said delay means includes a resistance-capacitance circuit connected to an electrical switching means which is connected in series with said energizing and deenergizing means and said high potential source.
 18. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said spray gun comprises: a body having a forward end provided with a passage therein having an intake connection to a source of coating material and an outlet through which coating material is ejected inTo the atmosphere from the forward end of the body, means comprising a nozzle for atomizing said coating material on ejection from said outlet, a shield of electrical nonconductor material surrounding all conducting portions on the forward end of said body, and means applying an electrostatic field to the material passing from the nozzle including said electrode extending through said shield at said body.
 19. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the electrode has an electrical capacitance to the work to be coated which exceeds that of a metal sphere having a 3 centimeter radius.
 20. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the predetermined current value exceeds the effective arcing current.
 21. An electrostatic coating system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the predetermined current value exceeds the electrode grounded steady-state current value.
 22. A nozzle in accordance with claim 1, wherein said nozzle outer surface is annular to form an annular sharp edge with said forward facing surface.
 23. An electrostatic coating system comprising: a spray gun having a nozzle of electrically conductive material through which coating material is ejected, said nozzle having an internal orifice surface, a forward facing surface joining said internal orifice surface to form an obtuse angle therebetween and an outer surface joining said forward facing surface to form a sharp edge, a source of high potential connected between said nozzle and work to be coated, means for energizing and deenergizing said source of high potential, delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energized for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential, means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value.
 24. An electrostatic coating system comprising: a spray gun having an orifice through which coating material is ejected, an electrode adjacent and spaced from said orifice having an annular sharp edge facing forwardly of said orifice, said source of high potential connected between said electrode and work to be coated, delay means connected to said source of high potential and to said energizing control means to maintain said source of high potential energizer for a predetermined period after said energizing control means is operated to deenergize said source of high potential, and means for determining that the current through said electrode exceeds a predetermined value connected to said electrode and source of high potential to deenergize said source of high potential whenever said current exceeds the predetermined value. 